Proteins are important molecules that perform a variety of functions essential to life. To function properly, many proteins must fold into specific structures. However, the way proteins fold into ...

A scientist's research into the geometrical characteristics of a physical theories is highlighted in a new article. A physicist examines what structural property of a theory like quantum mechanics ...

WITH certain additions this work is a translation of Book IV. of the second edition of Ostwald's “Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chemie.” At the present time there is no department of physical chemistry ...

The physics of the microrealm involves two famous and bizarre concepts: The first is that prior to observation, it is impossible to know with certainty the outcome of a measurement on a particle; ...

Einstein’s theory of gravity — general relativity — has been very successful for more than a century. However, it has theoretical shortcomings. This is not surprising: the theory predicts its own ...

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute, host of Ask a Spaceman and Space Radio, and author of "Your Place in the Universe." Sutter contributed this article ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. The Universe is out there, waiting for you to discover it. Since well before Einstein, it was the dream of those who study the ...

Quantum nano-mechanics. Quantum jumps in atomic physics. Continuous transitions between quantum states in quantum‒classical mechanics for molecular and chemical physics involve both chaotic (dozy ...