Reconstructing the phase of a field from intensity measurements is an old and ubiquitous challenge, known as the phase retrieval problem 1,2,3. It has found numerous applications spanning from ...

For the two-step phase-shifting methods, there are only two equations which can be established. These two equations are less than the three unknown parameters; (1) background term (or carrier), (2) ...

A sugar mixture similar to hard candy studded with tiny metal discs or rings has been used to deposit patterns onto microscopic objects. This method of creating texture on small objects could be ...