The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model widely applied in machine learning, has proven effective in addressing various problems in ...

Probabilistic model checking and Markov decision processes (MDPs) form two interlinked branches of formal analysis for systems operating under uncertainty. These techniques offer a mathematical ...

Purpose Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional concept comprising multiple domains such as physical, emotional, and social well-being. Many analyses use a sum score to represent ...