The management of giant hydronephrosis depends on the presence or absence of sepsis, and on residual renal function in the obstructed kidney and the contra-lateral renal unit. Sepsis warrants urgent ...
Vesicoureteral reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It boosts the risk of urinary tract infections and kidney damage. It can be treated with observation, ...
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